I did something like this by securing some long "joiner nuts" or "coupling nuts" up inside the leg.

Of course the internal thread had to match my casters stem.
Mine was a wooden leg but into the end-grain, so I drilled a hole to fit the outer corners and left the depth just right to support the weight. Then I epoxied the coupler-nut in the wood and reinforced the outside wiht industrial heatshrink. Its a garage/hobby table so looks don't matter.
In your case, welding a coupling nut in place might be a good solution, or if you have access to a workshop lathe then turn four inserts in steel, so they're a close fit inside the hollow leg. Leave a good lip to take the weight. Bore and thread up the middle to take your caster's stem.
To level the table, make sure each caster stem has a locknut under the insert that you can adjust with a spanner.
stem of your caster
v
\ |/| / <-- existing table leg
\ +--|/|--+ /
\|..|/|..|/
--+..|/|..+--
(_____|/|_____) <-- visible bit, make it rounded over, shiny, and pretty.
|/|
====|/|==== <-- locknut, aka jam-nut/jamb nut
|/|
---------------
Rest of your caster's wheel etc.
Ideally the insert should be a light hammer fit into the leg. If its loose, then some epoxy inside might be enough, or possibly welding will be needed. Depends what the metals are.