Switching engine coolant with similar properties oil

Question

I was wondering why specific coolants or distilled water is used as a heat transfer liquid for engine cooling instead of just using a separate oil circuit with some type of oil as a heat transfer liquid.

Cost issues aside I guess there is (could be created) an oil type available with similar properties (viscosity, heat transfer, heat capacity) to distilled water or coolant mixtures. Even if it would be necessary to re-design some engine elements (radiator tubes, coolant pumps etc) to cope for the differences in liquids properties wouldn't it be an advantage to have oils mixed in case of gasket failure and also if these two had the same properties (and since coolant liquid doesn't get extremely hot with use as to deteriorate) you could use the present "cooling" oil in engine oil changes.

What might be some preventing issues with this idea?

Answer 1

There's a very straightforward answer to this question: Water has a much, much higher capability to transfer heat than oil.

Even if you were able to overcome the safety and design issues brought up in other answers, you'd still have to overcome the fact that water has a huge performance advantage at transferring heat compared to other common fluids (including oil). Water is essentially the best possible fluid in terms of thermal conductivity; the only fluids that beat it are metals in liquid state (which isn't a practical choice for cooling a car engine made from metal itself). At 75 C, water's thermal conductivity is around .65 W/mK. Typical heat transfer oils are usually around .14 W/mK.

Of course, coolant in a typical automobile isn't water, it's usually water mixed with alcohol. Typical mixes cause the conductivity to drop, because water also beats alcohol at heat transfer, but even pure ethylene glycol is .27 W/mK. A typical 50/50 mix puts you in the neighborhood of .45 W/mK, which means that typical water-based coolant has a thermal conductivity three times better than purpose-designed heat transfer oil.

Let that sink in. If you wanted to cool your car's engine with heat transfer oil instead of typical water-based coolant, you're operating at a three to one disadvantage in terms of thermal conductivity. This basically means that your coolant system needs to be three times bigger in order to have the same capacity. Radiator size is already somewhat of a limiting factor in terms of how the front end of a vehicle is designed. I don't think anyone wants to drive a car where the radiator needs to be three times bigger than a typical car radiator is today.

Oil is really only used for thermal transfer when water is impractical - due to corrosion, conductivity, evaporation, pressure or temperature requirements above what water can handle, or other limiting factors. As pointed out in other questions on mechanics.SE related to air vs water cooling, the transition to water cooled engines was basically because of this fact. An "air cooled" engine - which typically relies not only on air cooling, but also oil cooling - just can't compete. For a given application, if relying on oil or air cooling, you have to really limit your thermal load. In other words, for a given package size, it's easier to get more performance and efficiency with water cooling than with oil and/or air cooling.

Answer 2

Water has the nice property that it boils at a fairly low temperature, so the vapour pressure rises quickly with temperature and it is easy to design fail-safe over-pressure protection (a simple spring-loaded filling cap). Also, water is not flammable.

Oil does not have those nice properties, and a cooling system failure which released high pressure, high temperature oil which might be above its auto-ignition temperature would not be a good idea.

Also flexible hoses (and their connectors) to contain high pressure and temperature oil would be more problematic than water hoses, so you might have to redesign the car radiator to be rigidly connected to the engine block, and also solve the problem of how to transfer heat to the air conditioning system.

Of course oil is already used for engine cooling where that is combined with the need for lubrication, e.g. bearings, cam followers, etc.

Answer 3

Oil has been used as a heat transfer fluid in many applications (especially high temperature ones) but in engines the higher viscosity will require more pumping power, which means more driving power from the belt and so more power from the engine.

Then there are the issues of cost... and, of course, issues with replacing fluid if you are far from an auto parts store.